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IntroductionKey FindingsHealth OutcomesSocial and Economic FactorsPhysical EnvironmentClinical CareAppendixMeasures TableMethodologyLimitationsReferencesData Source DescriptionsDemographic Group Definitions
2024 Maternal and Infant Health Disparities Data Brief2024 Maternal and Infant Health Disparities Data Brief - State Profiles2024 Maternal and Infant Health Disparities Data Brief - Measures Table2024 Maternal and Infant Health Disparities Data Brief – Infographics2024 Maternal and Infant Health Disparities Data Brief – Data Export
- Kassebaum, Nicholas J. et al. “Global, Regional, and National Levels of Maternal Mortality, 1990–2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.” The Lancet 388, no. 10053 (2016): 1775–1812. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31470-2.
- The Commonwealth Fund. “The U.S. Maternal Mortality Crisis Continues to Worsen: An International Comparison.” December 1, 2022. www.commonwealthfund.org/blog/2022/us-maternal-mortality-crisis-continues-worsen-international-comparison.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Severe Maternal Morbidity.” CDC.gov, May 15, 2024. www.cdc.gov/maternal-infant-health/php/severe-maternal-morbidity/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/severematernalmorbidity.html.
- The Commonwealth Fund. “U.S. Health Care from a Global Perspective, 2022: Accelerating Spending, Worsening Outcomes.” January 31, 2023. www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2023/jan/us-health-care-global-perspective-2022.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Infant Mortality.” CDC.gov, May 15, 2024. www.cdc.gov/maternal-infant-health/infant-mortality/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/infantmortality.htm.
- United Nations Children’s Fund, World Health Organization. “Low birth weight estimates:Levels and trends 2000–2015.” Accessed June 15, 2024. www.unicef.org/media/96976/file/UNICEF-WHO-Low-Birthweight-estimates-2000-2015.pdf.
- World Health Organization. “Low birth weight.” WHO.int. Accessed June 15, 2024. www.who.int/data/nutrition/nlis/info/low-birth-weight.
- Healthy People 2030. “Poverty.” Accessed June 15, 2024. https://health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/social-determinants-health/literature-summaries/poverty.
- Rank, Mark R. et al. “The Likelihood of Experiencing Relative Poverty over the Life Course.” Edited by Lidia Adriana Braunstein. PLOS ONE 10, no. 7 (2015): e0133513. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133513.
- County Health Rankings & Roadmaps. “2019 County Health Rankings Key Findings Report.” Accessed June 15, 2024. https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/reports/2019-county-health-rankings-key-findings-report.
- Elliott, Stacy et al. “Rent Burden and Depression among Mothers: An Analysis of Primary Caregiver Outcomes.” Journal of Policy Practice and Research 2, no. 4 (2021): 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42972-021-00040-3.
- Leifheit, Kathryn M. et al. “Severe Housing Insecurity during Pregnancy: Association with Adverse Birth and Infant Outcomes.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (2020): 8659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228659.
- Kaiser Family Foundation. “Women’s Health Insurance Coverage.” December 13, 2023. www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/womens-health-insurance-coverage.
- Javaid, Sarah et al. “The Impact of COVID-19 on Prenatal Care in the United States: Qualitative Analysis from a Survey of 2519 Pregnant Women.” Midwifery 98 (July 2021): 102991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2021.102991.
- Diamond-Smith, Nadia et al. “Prenatal and Postpartum Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Increase in Barriers from Early to Mid-Pandemic in the United States.” PubMed, December 2023. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12800.