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Executive BriefIntroductionNational HighlightsFindingsHealth OutcomesSocial and Economic FactorsClinical CareBehaviorsState RankingsAppendixMeasures Table – WomenMeasures Table – ChildrenData Source DescriptionsMethodologyState Summaries
US Summary
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
US SummaryAlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareDistrict of ColumbiaFloridaGeorgiaHawaiiIdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyomingSOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS - Women
Community and Family Safety
Firearm Deaths†
Number of deaths due to firearm injury of any intent (unintentional, suicide, homicide, or undetermined) per 100,000 females ages 20-44.
CDC WONDER, Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2019-2021
Injury Deaths
Number of deaths due to injury per 100,000 females ages 20-44.
CDC WONDER, Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2019-2021
Intimate Partner Violence Before Pregnancy†
Percentage of women with a recent live birth who experienced violence by a husband or partner (current or former) in the 12 months before pregnancy.
CDC, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System or state equivalent, 2021
Economic Resources
Concentrated Disadvantage^
Percentage of households (with children) that are located in census tracts for which the averaged z-score of the following factors is above the 75th percentile: family households below the poverty line, individuals receiving public assistance, female-headed households, unemployment ages 16 and older and population younger than 18.
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2017-2021
Food Insecurity
Percentage of households unable to provide adequate food for one or more household members due to lack of resources.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Household Food Security in the United States Report Series, 2019-2021
Gender Pay Gap†
Women’s median annual earnings as a percentage of men’s median annual earnings for full-time, year-round civilian workers ages 16 and older.
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2021
Poverty
Percentage of females ages 18-44 who live below the poverty level.
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2021
Unemployment
Percentage of the female civilian workforce that is unemployed.
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2021
Education
College Graduate
Percentage of women ages 25-44 who graduated from a college or technical school.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020-2021
Social Support and Engagement
Infant Child Care Cost†
Average cost for center-based infant care as a percentage of married couple’s median income.
Child Care Aware, Annual Price of Care Report Series, 2023 Publication
Residential Segregation - Black/White
Index of dissimilarity, with higher values indicating greater segregation between Black and non-Hispanic white households, ranging from zero (complete integration) to 100 (complete segregation).
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2017-2021
Voter Participation (Average)^
Average of the percentage of female U.S. citizens ages 18 and older who voted in the last presidential and national midterm elections.
U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Voting and Registration Supplement, 2020/2022
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
Air and Water Quality
Air Pollution
Average exposure of the general public to particulate matter of 2.5 microns or less, measured in micrograms per cubic meter.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2019-2021
Drinking Water Violations*
Percentage of population served by community water systems with a serious drinking water violation in the past year.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Enforcement and Compliance History Online, Safe Drinking Water Information System, 2021
Household Smoke*
Percentage of children ages 0-17 who live in households where someone uses cigarettes, cigars or pipe tobacco (2-year estimate).
U.S. HHS, HRSA, MCHB, National Survey of Children’s Health, 2020-2021
Water Fluoridation
Percentage of population served by community water systems that have fluoridated water.
CDC, Water Fluoridation Reporting System, 2020
Climate and Health
Climate Change Policies
Number of the following state policies in place: legally binding electricity portfolio standards, carbon pricing policies, climate change action plans and economy-wide greenhouse gas emission targets.
Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, 2022
Transportation Energy Use†
Amount of energy in trillion British thermal units (BTUs) consumed by the transportation of people and goods per 100,000 population.
U.S. Energy Information Administration, State Energy Data System, 2021
Housing and Transportation
Drive Alone to Work
Percentage of female workers ages 16 and older who drive alone to work.
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2021
Housing Cost Burden – Children†
Percentage of households with one or more children younger than 18 years for which housing costs are more than 30% of household income.
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey PUMS, 2021
Housing With Lead Risk
Percentage of housing stock with potential elevated lead risk due to age of housing.
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2021
Severe Housing Problems
Percentage of occupied housing units with at least one of the following problems: lack of complete kitchen facilities, lack of plumbing facilities, overcrowding or severely cost-burdened occupants (5-year estimate).
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy, 2015-2019
CLINICAL CARE - Women
Access to Care
Adequate Prenatal Care
Percentage of live births in which the mother received prenatal care beginning in the first four months of pregnancy with the appropriate number of visits for the infant's gestational age.
March of Dimes, Perinatal Data Center, 2021
Avoided Care Due to Cost
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported a time in the past 12 months when they needed to see a doctor but could not because of cost.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2021
Maternity Care Desert†
Percentage of females ages 15-44 living in a county with no birth centers, certified nurse midwives, family practice physicians, obstetricians or hospitals that provide obstetric care.
March of Dimes, Perinatal Data Center, 2021-2022
Uninsured Women
Percentage of women ages 19-44 not covered by private or public health insurance.
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2021
Women's Health Providers
Number of obstetricians, gynecologists and midwives per 100,000 females ages 15 and older.
U.S. HHS, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, National Plan and Provider Enumeration System, September 2022
Preventive Clinical Services
Cervical Cancer Screening*
Percentage of women ages 21-44 who reported receiving a Pap smear within the past three years.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020
Dental Visit*
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported visiting a dentist or dental clinic within the past year.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020
Flu Vaccination
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported receiving a seasonal flu vaccine in the past 12 months.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020-2021
Postpartum Visit†
Percentage of women with a recent live birth who reported receiving a postpartum checkup.
CDC, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System or state equivalent, 2021
Well-Woman Visit
Percentage of women ages 18-44 with a preventive medical visit in the past year.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020-2021
Quality of Care
Breastfeeding Initiation†
Percentage of infants who were breastfed between birth and discharge from the hospital.
CDC WONDER, Natality Public Use Files, 2021
Dedicated Health Care Provider
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported having a personal doctor or health care provider.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2021
Low-Risk Cesarean Delivery
Percentage of singleton, head-first, term (37 or more completed weeks) first births that were cesarean deliveries.
CDC WONDER, Natality Public Use Files, 2021
Maternity Practices Score
Maternity Practices in Infant and Nutrition Care (mPINC) survey score based on seven birth facility policies and practices, with higher scores denoting better maternity care policies and practices.
CDC, mPINC State Report Series, 2022
BEHAVIORS - Women
Nutrition and Physical Activity
Exercise*
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who met the federal physical activity guidelines (150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity and two days of muscle strengthening per week) in the past 30 days.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2019
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported consuming two or more fruits and three or more vegetables daily.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2021
Physical Inactivity
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported doing no physical activity or exercise other than their regular job in the past 30 days.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020-2021
Sexual Health
Chlamydia
Number of new cases of chlamydia per 100,000 females ages 15-44.
CDC, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention Atlas, 2021
High-Risk HIV Behaviors*
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported having done any of the following in the past year: injected any drug other than those prescribed for you; been treated for a sexually transmitted disease or STD; or given or received money or drugs in exchange for sex.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2019-2020
Unintended Pregnancy†
Percentage of women with a recent live birth who did not want to become pregnant or wanted to become pregnant later.
CDC, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System or state equivalent, 2021
Sleep Health
Insufficient Sleep*
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported sleeping, on average, fewer than seven hours in a 24-hour period.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020
Smoking and Tobacco Use
E-Cigarette Use†
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported using e-cigarettes or other electronic vaping products at least once in their lifetime and now use daily or some days.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020-2021
Smoking
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and currently smoke daily or some days.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020-2021
Smoking During Pregnancy
Percentage of mothers who reported smoking cigarettes during pregnancy.
CDC WONDER, Natality Public Use Files, 2021
HEALTH OUTCOMES - Women
Behavioral Health
Drug Deaths†
Number of deaths due to drug injury (unintentional, suicide, homicide or undetermined) per 100,000 females ages 20-44.
CDC WONDER, Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2019-2021
Excessive Drinking
Percentage of females ages 18-44 who reported binge drinking (four or more drinks on one occasion in the past 30 days) or heavy drinking (eight or more drinks per week).
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020-2021
Frequent Mental Distress
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported their mental health was not good 14 or more days in the past 30 days.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020-2021
Illicit Drug Use*
Percentage of women ages 18-49 who reported misusing prescription psychotherapeutics (pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants or sedatives) or using cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants or methamphetamines in the past year.
U.S. HHS, SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2018-2019
Postpartum Depression†
Percentage of women with a recent live birth who reported experiencing depressive symptoms.
CDC, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System or state equivalent, 2021
Mortality
Maternal Mortality†
Number of deaths related to or aggravated by pregnancy (excluding accidental or incidental causes) occurring within 42 days of the end of a pregnancy per 100,000 live births.
U.S. HHS, HRSA, MCHB, Federally Available Data, 2017-2021
Mortality Rate
Number of deaths per 100,000 women ages 20-44.
CDC WONDER, Multiple Cause of Death Files, 2021
Physical Health
Frequent Physical Distress
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported their physical health was not good 14 or more days in the past 30 days.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020-2021
High Blood Pressure
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported being told by a health professional that they have high blood pressure.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2021
High Health Status†
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported their health is very good or excellent.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020-2021
Multiple Chronic Conditions
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who have three or more of the following chronic health conditions: arthritis, asthma, CKD, COPD, CVD (heart disease, heart attack, or stroke), cancer (excluding skin), depression or diabetes.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020-2021
Arthritis†
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported being told by a health professional that they have some form of arthritis.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020-2021
Asthma†
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported being told by a health professional that they currently have asthma.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020-2021
Cancer†
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported being told by a health professional that they had any type of cancer (excluding skin cancer).
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020-2021
Cardiovascular Disease†
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported being told by a health professional that they had angina or coronary heart disease, a heart attack or myocardial infarction, or a stroke.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020-2021
Chronic Kidney Disease†
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported being told by a health professional that they have kidney disease (excluding kidney stones, bladder infection or incontinence).
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020-2021
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease†
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported being told by a health professional that they have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema or chronic bronchitis.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020-2021
Depression†
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported being told by a health professional that they have a depressive disorder, including depression, major depression, minor depression or dysthymia.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020-2021
Diabetes†
Percentage of women ages 18-44 who reported being told by a health professional that they have diabetes (excluding prediabetes and gestational diabetes).
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020-2021
Obesity
Percentage of women ages 18-44 with a body mass index of 30.0 or higher based on reported height and weight.
CDC, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2020-2021
Severe Maternal Morbidity†^
Number of significant life-threatening maternal complications during delivery per 10,000 delivery hospitalizations.
U.S. HHS, HRSA, MCHB, Federally Available Data, 2020
DEMOGRAPHICS - Women
Population - Women Ages 18-44†
Percentage of population that is female, ages 18-44.
CDC WONDER, Single-Race Population Estimates, 2021
† Additional measure, not included in the calculation of overall, model category or topic summation measures.
* Data in this edition were repeated from the last edition.
^ Data for each of the components are available in the Explore Data section
Acronyms
AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
HHS United States Department of Health and Human Services
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
HRSA Health Resources and Services Administration
MCHB Maternal and Child Health Bureau
PUMS Public Use Microdata Sample
SAMHSA Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
STD Sexually transmitted disease
TB Tuberculosis
WIC Women and Children
WONDER Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research