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Executive BriefIntroductionNational HighlightsFindingsHealth OutcomesSocial and Economic FactorsPhysical EnvironmentClinical CareState RankingsInternational ComparisonAppendixMeasures TableData Source DescriptionsMethodologyState Summaries
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Rates of homicide and firearm deaths increased, while improvements occurred in the rate of occupational fatalities as well as per capita income and unemployment.
Homicide
Losing a friend, family or community member through such violent means as homicide can have significant psychological implications. Personal security is a core element of well-being. Homicide events can cause a sense of insecurity in communities.
Changes over time. Nationally, the number of deaths due to homicide (injuries inflicted by another person with intent to injure or kill) significantly increased 33% from 5.8 to 7.7 deaths per 100,000 population between 2018-2019 and 2020-2021 — exceeding the Healthy People 2030 target of 5.5 deaths per 100,000. In 2020-2021, about 50,600 people died due to homicide, an increase of approximately 12,600 deaths since 2018-2019. Between 2018-2019 and 2020-2021, the homicide rate significantly increased in 32 states and the District of Columbia, led by 67% in Delaware (5.7 to 9.5 deaths per 100,000 population), 59% in Oregon (2.7 to 4.3) and 58% in Kentucky (5.7 to 9.0). During this time, the rate significantly decreased 50% in New Hampshire (2.2 to 1.1). The rate significantly increased among most racial/ethnic and age groups and all gender groups. By group, the largest increases were 41% among the Black population (23.7 to 33.4), 39% among both those ages 15-24 (11.0 to 15.3) and 25-34 (11.5 to 16.0) and 35% among males (9.3 to 12.6).
Disparities. In 2020-2021, the homicide rate significantly varied by race/ethnicity, geography, age and gender. The rate was:
- 18.9 times higher in Mississippi (20.8) than New Hampshire (1.1). The rate was highest in the District of Columbia (29.6).
Related Measure: Firearm Deaths
Nationally, the number of deaths due to firearm injury of any intent (unintentional, suicide, homicide or undetermined) significantly increased 7% from 13.7 to 14.7 deaths per 100,000 population between 2020 and 2021 — exceeding the Healthy People 2030 target of 10.7 deaths per 100,000. In 2021, 48,800 people died from firearms, an increase of approximately 3,600 since 2020. Between 2020 and 2021, the rate significantly increased in seven states, led by 21% in New Mexico (22.9 to 27.6 deaths per 100,000 population), 18% in Mississippi (28.0 to 33.0) and 16% in Colorado (15.7 to 18.2). In 2021, the firearm death rate significantly varied by race/ethnicity, geography, gender and age. It was 12.2 times higher among Black (34.2) than Asian (2.8) populations, 9.7 times higher in Mississippi than Massachusetts (3.4), 6.1 times higher among males (25.6) than females (4.2) and 2.1 times higher among those ages 25-34 (24.8) than those ages 65-74 (11.7).**
Occupational Fatalities
Occupational fatalities, also known as workplace fatalities, represent unsafe working conditions and personal risks faced by workers. Workplace fatalities are largely preventable, making them an important target for interventions.
Changes over time. Nationally, the number of fatal occupational injuries in construction, manufacturing, trade, transportation and utility industries as well as professional and business services significantly decreased 11% from 4.4 to 3.9 deaths per 100,000 workers between 2016-2018 and 2019-2021. The rate remains higher than the Healthy People 2030 target of 2.9 deaths per 100,000 workers for work-related deaths. Between 2016-2018 and 2019-2021, the occupational fatality rate significantly decreased 44% in West Virginia (9.9 to 5.5 deaths per 100,000 workers), 36% in Mississippi (8.5 to 5.4), 30% in Arkansas (8.0 to 5.6) and 16% in Florida (5.1 to 4.3).
Disparities. In 2019-2021, the occupational fatalities rate was 3.3 times higher in Wyoming (9.1 deaths per 100,000 workers) than New York and Washington (both 2.8).
Economic Resources
Per Capita Income
Per capita income is the total income of a population divided by the number of people in that population and is often used to show the relative wealth of a state or nation. Individuals with low household incomes have lower life expectancy and higher rates of disease than people in higher-income households.
Changes over time. Nationally, per capita income increased 9% from $38,332 to $41,804 between 2021 and 2022. During this time, it increased at a rate equal to or greater than the nation in 27 states and the District of Columbia, led by 15% in North Dakota ($36,497 to $41,800) and 11% in Kentucky ($30,728 to $33,980), Hawaii ($38,614 to $42,710) and Florida ($36,196 to $40,278). Per capita income increased 9% or more among all racial/ethnic groups, including 22% among Hispanic ($22,002 to $26,830), 20% among Black ($24,509 to $29,385) and 16% among white ($42,106 to $49,045) populations between 2021 and 2022.
Disparities. In 2022, per capita income varied by geography and race/ethnicity. The rate was:
- 1.9 times higher in Massachusetts ($54,025) than Mississippi ($29,045). It was highest in the District of Columbia ($71,699).
- 1.9 times higher among white than Hispanic populations.
Unemployment
There is a strong relationship between employment status and mental and physical health. A stable, safe and well-paying job makes it easier for people to live in healthier neighborhoods, access health insurance benefits and afford quality child care, education and nutritious food — all critical factors to maintaining good health that are jeopardized by unemployment.
Changes over time. Nationally, the percentage of the civilian workforce ages 16-64 that was unemployed significantly decreased 32% from 6.3% to 4.3% between 2021 and 2022; this was lower than the pre-pandemic rate of 4.5% in 2019. In 2022, nearly 7.3 million workers were unemployed, a decrease of approximately 3.3 million since 2021. Between 2021 and 2022, the rate significantly decreased in 43 states and the District of Columbia, led by 53% in Hawaii (7.7% to 3.6%), 43% in Nevada (9.7% to 5.5%) and 42% in Rhode Island (7.7% to 4.5%). During this time, the unemployment rate significantly decreased among all racial/ethnic groups, including 32% among both Hispanic (7.5% to 5.1%) and white (5.0% to 3.4%) civilian workers, and 27% among Black civilian workers (10.7% to 7.8%).
Disparities. In 2022, the unemployment rate significantly varied by geography and race/ethnicity. The rate was:
- 2.1 times higher among Black than white civilian workers.
* The estimates for those ages 85 and older and those ages 75-84 (2.0) were not significantly different from each other based on non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals.
** The estimates for those ages 65-74 and 55-64 (12.1) were not significantly different from each other based on non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals.